6.2.3 Products

    Let $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$ be pointed sets.

    The product of $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$ is the product of $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$ in $\mathsf{Sets}_{*}$ as in Unresolved reference, Unresolved reference.

    Concretely, the product of $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$ is the pair consisting of:

    • The Limit. The pointed set $\webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright )$.

    • The Cone. The morphisms of pointed sets

      \begin{align*} \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{1} & \colon \webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright )\to \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\\ \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{2} & \colon \webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright )\to \webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ) \end{align*}

      defined by

      \begin{align*} \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{1}\webleft (x,y\webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}x,\\ \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{2}\webleft (x,y\webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}y \end{align*}

      for each $\webleft (x,y\webright )\in X\times Y$.

    We claim that $\webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright )$ is the categorical product of $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$ in $\mathsf{Sets}_{*}$. Indeed, suppose we have a diagram of the form

    in $\mathsf{Sets}_{*}$. Then there exists a unique morphism of pointed sets

    \[ \phi \colon \webleft (P,*\webright )\to \webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright ) \]

    making the diagram

    commute, being uniquely determined by the conditions

    \begin{align*} \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{1}\circ \phi & = p_{1},\\ \operatorname {\mathrm{\mathrm{pr}}}_{2}\circ \phi & = p_{2} \end{align*}

    via

    \[ \phi \webleft (x\webright )=\webleft (p_{1}\webleft (x\webright ),p_{2}\webleft (x\webright )\webright ) \]

    for each $x\in P$. Note that this is indeed a morphism of pointed sets, as we have

    \begin{align*} \phi \webleft (*\webright ) & = \webleft (p_{1}\webleft (*\webright ),p_{2}\webleft (*\webright )\webright )\\ & = \webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright ),\end{align*}

    where we have used that $p_{1}$ and $p_{2}$ are morphisms of pointed sets.

    Let $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )$, $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )$, and $\webleft (Z,z_{0}\webright )$ be pointed sets.

  • 1.

    Functoriality. The assignments

    \[ \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ),\webleft (\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )\webright )\mapsto \webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright ) \]

    define functors

    \[ \begin{array}{ccc} A\times -\colon \mkern -15mu & \mathsf{Sets}_{*} \mkern -17.5mu& {}\mathbin {\to }\mathsf{Sets}_{*},\\ -\times B\colon \mkern -15mu & \mathsf{Sets}_{*} \mkern -17.5mu& {}\mathbin {\to }\mathsf{Sets}_{*},\\ -_{1}\times -_{2}\colon \mkern -15mu & \mathsf{Sets}_{*}\times \mathsf{Sets}_{*} \mkern -17.5mu& {}\mathbin {\to }\mathsf{Sets}_{*}, \end{array} \]

    defined in the same way as the functors of Chapter 4: Constructions With Sets, Item 1 of Proposition 4.1.3.1.3.

  • 2.

    Lack of Adjointness. The functors $X\times -$ and $-\times Y$ do not admit right adjoints.

  • 3.

    Associativity. We have an isomorphism of pointed sets

    \[ \webleft (\webleft (X\times Y\webright )\times Z,\webleft (\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright ),z_{0}\webright )\webright ) \cong \webleft (X\times \webleft (Y\times Z\webright ),\webleft (x_{0},\webleft (y_{0},z_{0}\webright )\webright )\webright ) \]

    natural in $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ),\webleft (Z,z_{0}\webright )\in \operatorname {\mathrm{Obj}}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webright )$.

  • 4.

    Unitality. We have isomorphisms of pointed sets

    \begin{align*} \webleft (\mathrm{pt},\star \webright )\times \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ) & \cong \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\\ \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )\times \webleft (\mathrm{pt},\star \webright ) & \cong \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ), \end{align*}

    natural in $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )\in \operatorname {\mathrm{Obj}}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webright )$.

  • 5.

    Commutativity. We have an isomorphism of pointed sets

    \[ \webleft (X\times Y,\webleft (x_{0},y_{0}\webright )\webright ) \cong \webleft (Y\times X,\webleft (y_{0},x_{0}\webright )\webright ), \]

    natural in $\webleft (X,x_{0}\webright ),\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )\in \operatorname {\mathrm{Obj}}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webright )$.

  • 6.

    Symmetric Monoidality. The triple $\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*},\times ,\webleft (\mathrm{pt},\star \webright )\webright )$ is a symmetric monoidal category.

  • Item 1: Functoriality
    This is a special case of functoriality of limits, Unresolved reference, Unresolved reference of Unresolved reference.

    Item 2: Lack of Adjointness
    See [Yuan, Is the category of pointed sets Cartesian closed?].

    Item 3: Associativity
    This follows from Chapter 4: Constructions With Sets, Item 4 of Proposition 4.1.3.1.3.

    Item 4: Unitality
    This follows from Chapter 4: Constructions With Sets, Item 5 of Proposition 4.1.3.1.3.

    Item 5: Commutativity
    This follows from Chapter 4: Constructions With Sets, Item 6 of Proposition 4.1.3.1.3.

    Item 6: Symmetric Monoidality
    This follows from Chapter 4: Constructions With Sets, Item 14 of Proposition 4.1.3.1.3.


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